Combined autoclave and control system and method therefor

ABSTRACT

A steam autoclave containing a steam chamber and heater for generating steam to fill said steam chamber in combination with a control system therefor. The control system automatically energizes the heater in response to a combined signal, incorporating both temperature and pressure measurements, when the combined signal is below a predetermined level and automatically deenergizes the heater when the combined signal exceeds said predetermined level. The control system also deenergizes the heater in response to signals indicating maximum individual predetermined levels of temperature or pressure, and thereby acts as a temperature and pressure override safety system for the autoclave. Deenergization of the heater by one of the override controls requires manual reenergization of the heater.

United States Patent [72] Inventor Robert J. Shulz 2,613,130 10/1952 Jewell et al. 21/96 Brookfield, 111. 2,616,023 10/1952 Meyer 219/496X [21] Appl. No. 765,351 2,668,224 2/ 1954 Spradling et al.. 219/491 [22] Filed Oct. 7, 1968 3,025,381 3/1962 Pickering 219/496X [45] Patented Mar. 23, 1971 FOREIGN PATENTS [73] ga g g 235,084 8/1961 Australia 21/94 661,714 4/1963 Canada 21/94 887,848 1/1962 Great Britain 21/98 COMBINED AUTOCLAVE AND CONTROL Primary Examiner-Morris O. Wolk SYSTEM AND M m THEREFOR Assistant ExaminerBarry S. Richman 9 Claims, 2 Drawing Flgs- Attrney-Fidler, Bradley, Patnaude & Lazo [52] US. Cl 219/491, 21/56, 21/94, 21/103, 23/290, 219/332, 219/496,

337/334 ABSTRACT: A steam autoclave containing a steam chamber [5 int. and heater for generating team to said team chamber in 6 5 A6113/02 combination with a control system therefor. The control of 95, ystem automatically energizes the heater in response to a 1 3 103; 23/290, 29053194491, combined signal, incorporating both temperature and pres- 496, 332; 236/(Inqulred); 337/(Inqu1red) sure measurements, when the combined signal is below a predetermined level and automatically deenergizes the heater [56] Referemes Cited when the combined signal exceeds said predetermined level. UNITED STATES PATENTS The control system also deenergizes the heater in response to 1,663,841 3/1928 Hollenback 21/98 signals indicating maximum individual predetermined levels of 1,991,940 2/1935 Jewell 219/332X temperature or pressure, and thereby acts as a temperature 2,026,596 1/1936 Ross 219/491 and pressure override safety system for the autoclave. Deener- 2,592,705 4/ 1952 Jewell et a1. 21/96 gization of the heater by one of the override controls requires 2,606,271 8/1952 Morris 219/491 manual reenergization of the heater.

I54 I56 68 66 I36 ll 58 72 4x en o 65 5 i I 20 J 80 4 UV L5 153 142 N6 H2 "0) ll I48 '2 I06 l 44 I 8: [26 52 I40 I50 0 96 I00 I46 PATENTED MR2 3 Ian ZE- INDICATOR [6O LlGHTS a I HEATER SUPPLY SWITCH CONTROLLER INVENTOR QOBEFZT J. SHULZ COWHNED AUTUQLAVE AND C(ENTRUL SYSTEM AND MlETli-EQD TIr llEEiEFEQR This invention relates to autoclaves and more particularly to apparatus for accurately controlling the temperature and the pressure of the steam or other vapor within an autoclave during its operation.

The present invention will be disclosed with reference to its use in steam autoclaves for sterilizing medical supplies such as instruments, dressings, and other items. However, it is not limited to such an application and may be used advantageously to control the temperature and pressure of the steam within autoclaves that are intended for other uses.

One type of autoclave that may be used for sterilizing includes a sterilizing chamber, a source of water, a heater, and a steam condenser. The items that are to be sterilized are placed within the sterlization chamber. A measured amount of water is then introduced into the chamber which is hermetically sealed. The water is heated to generate the steam which fills the chamber. At the conclusion of the sterilizing operation, the steam is evacuated from the sterilizing chamber. The chamber may then be opened and the sterilized items removed.

Some sterilizing autoclaves are provided with automatic controls for controlling their heaters. These controls turn off the heater when the sterilization temperature is reached or in the event of a malfunction of the autoclave that results in excessive temperatures. Also, apparatus has been provided to indicate visually or audibly the completion of the sterilization operation or a malfunction of the autoclave.

The indicators or heater controls have been operated in response to temperature-sensitive element mounted within the sterilization chamber. in some prior art devices, the heater is automatically turned off at a predetermined temperature and may be automatically turned on when the temperature falls below this predetermined temperature.

in these autoclaves a malfunction detector may provide a separate indication at a temperature higher than the sterilization temperature and may disconnect the heater at this temperature. Ordinarily the disconnected heater will remain off until manually reconnected.

Temperature control devices for autoclaves frequently include a time-interval counter rather than a temperature sensitive device. The time-interval counter is preset to the period of time that it normally takes to fill the sterilization chamber with steam and to raise the temperature to the proper level for sterilization The time-interval counter is started when the heater is turned on, and turns the heater off after the expiration of its preset time interval. it may also activate an indicator after the sterilization operation has been completed.

The above-mentioned heater controls and indicators have some disadvantages that stem from their reliance on temperature alone or on the expiration of a period of time to determine when the heater should be turned off, the indicators activated or other measures taken. The amount of time required to reach the proper temperature will vary depending on such factors as the starting temperature of the water and the resistance of the heating element. These variations limit the accuracy oi controls that rely only upon the time normally required to till the sterilization chamber with steam.

Similarly, many temperature measuring devices utilize materials that have a high temperature coefficient of expansion and measure the temperature by monitoring the dimen sions of these materials. However, the amount of change in the size of these materials is slight as the temperature changes. The accuracy of controls that rely on such changes in size is limited because of their low magnitudei Motion transmitting devices are sometimes coupled to these materials to provide an output motion proportional to the change in dimension or" the temperature-sensitive material but greater in magnitude. Them motion transmitting devices reduce the accuracy of the temperature measurement.

Moreover, the temperature sensitive element or the elapsed time counter may malfunction, causing the sterlization chamber to become overheated. Also the autoclave may contain an insufficient amount of water or no water at all at the start of the sterilization operation. Under these circumstances the sides of the sterilization chamber and the items in the chamber absorb an excessive amount of heat before the temperature sensitive device is activated. This happens because the temperature sensitive device is calibrated to operate in a chamber filled with steam under pressure. if there is no steam or an insufficient amount of steam, it absorbs heat slower than where the steam is present and in contact with the element itself. For this reason, the lack of sufficient water in the autoclave may result in serious overheating.

Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved control for the steam within an autoclave, which control is not dependent upon temperature alone, but which operates in accordance with the relationship between temperature and steam pressure within the steam chamber of the autoclave.

it is a still further object of this invention to provide a control for an autoclave which is capable of detecting high temperatures within the steam chamber while the steam pressure is below normal.

it is a still further object of this invention to provide a control for an autoclave that is able to detect excessive temperatures by measuring steam pressure alone.

lt is a still further object of this invention to provide a control for an autoclave that is able to detect excessive temperatures by means of either a pressure-sensitive element or a temperature-sensitive element, which elements may act independently.

it is a still further object of this invention to provide a reliable accurate and economical control for detecting the temperature within the steam chamber of an autoclave.

in accordance with the above and further objects, a control for an autoclave is provided, having a temperature-sensitive expansion unit, a pressure-sensitive expansion unit, a temperature control unit, and an overtemperature-overpressure control unit. These units cooperate to provide a controller that operates in accordance with the relationship between the temperature and pressure of steam in a closed system. At temperatures above 21 2 F, the vapor pressure of the steam in the closed system increases as the temperature increases. By measuring both the steam temperature and the steam pressure with the temperature-sensitive expansion unit and the pressure-sensitive expansion unit respectively, the controller derives an accurate signal at the sterilization temperature from the temperature control unit and also obtains two independent safety checks against overheating from the overtemperature-overpressure control unit.

The temperature control unit and the overtemperatureoverpressure control unit each include a different pair of relatively moveable sections, with one section of each pair being moved by the temperature-sensitive expansion unit, and the other section of each pair being moved by the pressure-sensitive expansion unit. The two sections of the temperature control unit are brought into contact with each other by the temperature-sensitive expansion unit and the pressure-sensitive expansion unit at a preset value of steam pressure and temperature within the steam chamber of the autoclave. The use of two independently movable sections increases the accuracy of measurement by increasing the amount of motion over that obtainable from a single section.

When these two sections are brought into contact, the heater of the autoclave is turned off so that the temperature in the steam chamber does not exceed its preset value. After the steam has cooled below this value, the heater is again turned on until the sterilization operation is complete. 0n the other hand, the two sections of the overtemperature-overpressure unit are brought into contact whenever either the temperature or the pressure, but not both, are indicated as being excessively high. When these two sections are brought into contact, the heater is also turned off, and cannot be turned on until a manual reset button is depressed. The two sections of the overtemperature-overpressure unit are brought together when the temperature is excessively high, even though there may be no steam or insufficient steam in the steam chamber of the autoclave. These two sections are also brought together when the steam pressure is excessively high, but the temperaturesensitive expansion unit does not detect the high temperature.

in summary, the temperature control unit is activated only at a predetermined value of temperature and pressure to indicate that the preset temperature has been reached, while the overtemperatureoverpressure switch is activated by either of two abnormal conditions:

1. the detection of a high temperature and low steam pressure; or

2. the detection of a low temperature and high steam pressure.

The invention and other attendant objects and advantages thereof will be better and more fully understood from the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view taken through the controller of this invention; and

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view, partially in section showing the relationship of the control unit of this invention with the steam chamber of an autoclave.

In FIG. 1, a longitudinal sectional view of a monitor in accordance with this invention is shown, having a temperature bulb iii, a hollow main housing 12, and a pressure bellows housing lll. The hollow interior of the main housing 12 is protected by six walls, four of which I6, 18, 2t), and 22 are shown; the hollow interior of the pressure bellows housing M is also protected by six walls, four of which 2 1, 26, 28, and 36) are shown.

The temperature bulb ill is mounted within the steam chamber 32 (FIG. 2) of an autoclave, and includes within its hollow interior a liquid that expands as its temperature expands. This liquid is able to flow into the hollow interior of a temperature bellows 3d through a hollow tube 36 that communicates with the interiors of the temperature bulb It) and the temperature bellows 3d. The temperature bellows 34 is within the main housing 12. To connect the bulb to the be]- lows 3d, the tube 36 passes through an aperture Iltl in the wall T6 of the main housing 12.

The hollow interior 4b of the pressure housing 14 communicates with the interior 42 of the steam chamber (FIG. 2) through the hollow conduit 44 which has a port 46 opening into the space db and a port 4% (MG. 2) communicating with the hollow interior d2 of the steam chamber 32.

In accordance with an important feature of this invention, several operating elements are mounted within the chamber l5 of the main housing l2. These elements consist of a temperature-sensitive expansion unit, a pressure-sensitive expansion unit, a temperature control unit, and an overtemperatureoverpressure control unit. The temperature control unit and the overtemperature-overpressure control unit each comprise a pair of sections, one section of each pair being mounted to a portion of the temperature-sensitive expansion unit an the other section of each pair being mounted to a portion of the pressure-sensitive expansion unit. As the temperature increases, the temperature-sensitive expansion unit moves one section of the temperature control unit and one section of the overtemperature-overpressure control unit towards the pressure-sensitive expansion unit; as the pressure increases, the pressure-sensitive expansion unit moves the other section of the temperature control unit and the other section of the overtemperature-overpressure control unit towards the temperature-sensitive expansion unit.

The temperature-sensitive expansion unit includes a cantilever arm tl having a first flat section 52, and a second flat section 56, orthogonal to the section 52. The first flat section 52 includes an aperture 54. One end 58 of the flat section 52 is positioned in proximity with the inner side of the wall 16. A hinge 6% has one side 63 welded to the inner side of the wall l6 and the other side 65 welded to one side of the flat section 52 adjacent to the end 58 to mount the cantilever arm 50 to the wall 16. With this mounting, the cantilever arm 50 forms a resilient support which may move with respect to the wall 16 so that the end 56 is either closer to the pressure sensitive expansion unit or further away from the pressure sensitive expansion unit.

The flat section 52 of the cantilever arm 50 is supported by the temperature calibration unit 66. This unit includes a knurled control knob 6b, which is positioned above the wall 18, and mounted to the top end of the threaded shaft 70. The threaded shaft 70 threadably engages the tapped central aperture 72 of a bushing 7d, which bushing has a shoulder 76 abutting the top of the wall l8 and a lateral surface 7% parallel to the threaded central aperture 72 and abutting the sides of the circular aperture through the wall IS. The bottom side of the shaft 70 passes through the aperture 54 and terminates in a shoulder ht). A helical spring 8 2 circumscribes the shaft 70 between the shoulder tit) and the bottom side of the flat portion 52 of the cantilever arm 50.

The temperature-sensitive expansion unit is calibrated by means of the temperature calibration unit 66. As the knob 68 is turned counterclockwise, the shoulder 80 moves closer to the bottom side of the flat portion 52 of the cantilever 50. This increases the compressive tension of the helical spring 82 between the shoulder 84) and the flat portion 52 of the cantilever 50. In this manner the cantilever 50 is supported and biased away from the pressure sensitive expansion unit by turning the knurled control knob 68 in a clockwise direction. The top surface of the wall 18 is calibrated to correspond to an arrow marked on the knurled knob 63 to indicate positions of the knurled knob 68 with respect to temperatures-within the interior 42 (FIG. 2) of the steam chamber 32. The setting of the knob 6% determines the temperature at which the heater M (FIG. 2) of the steam chamber 32 is to be turned off to terminate a sterilization operation or to maintain the temperature below a preset limit for a period of time that is controlled by an external timer.

The liquid filled bellows 34 is also part of the temperaturesensitive expansion unit. It is mounted to the wall 18 between the wall 18 and the flat portion 52 of the cantilever arm 50 with its base 62 rigidly connected to the wall 13 and its moveable driving surface 64 in contact with one side of the flat portionv 52 of the cantilever 5t). In this position, the bellows 34 pushes the cantilever 50 towards the pressure sensitive expansion unit as the temperature within the interior 42 (FIG. 2) of the steam chamber increases.

The pressure housing 14 forms part of the pressure-sensitive expansion unit. It is mounted outside of the wall 22, with the wall 30 placed in contact with the wall 22. The interior 40 of the pressure housing 14 communicates with the interior of the steam chamber 42, and includes a pressure bellows d4, having its opened end spaced against the wall 3t) and its sidewall held by the four walls orthogonal to the wall 39, which include the two walls 24 and 23.

The bellows M is compressed in response to increases in pressure in the interior 42 of the steam chamber 32 (FIG. 2). The flat top portion 88 of the pressure bellows 84 is rigidly connected to a cylindrical housing 90, which housing passes through two aligned apertures 92 and 94 in the walls 30 and 22, respectively. The other end of the cylindrical housing is rigidly attached to and supports the flat cylindrical drive plate 96. This drive plate is mounted orthogonally to the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical housing 9i) and parallel to the wall 22 to move toward the temperature-sensitive expansion unit within the interior 15 of the housing 112 as the pressure in the steam chamber 32 increases and to move away from the temperature-sensitive expansion unit as the pressure inside the steam chamber 32 decreases. A cylindrical bar 95 is inserted longitudinally through a central circular aperture res and through the drive plate 96 to fit inside the cylindrical aperture MP2 along the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical housing 9b in communication with the interior 15 of the main housing i2. A helical compression spring IM resiliently biases the bar 93 against the bottom of the cylindrical aperture MP2 within the housing 9%.

A rectilinear compartment is formed within the interior B5 of the main housing 12 by the bent metal plate 1%, which plate has a first flat portion W8 perpendicular to the wall 22 passing from one side to the other of the main housing i2 across the full width of the side 22 and a second flat portion illti erpendicular to the side 24) and passing from one side to the other across the full width of the side 26). The flat portions 103 and Illlti of the bent plate llllb meet at a corner 1112. Their opposite edges terminate in the flat portions HM and 116, respectively. The flat portion KM may be welded or bolted to the wall 22 and the flat portion 116 to the wall 2b of the main housing i2.

The temperature control switch of the monitor includes a first section comprising a first electrical pushbutton switch 11%, which may be of the microswitch type, having a pushbutton 112th, and being mounted against the flat part as of the cantilever arm 5b to be moved towards the pressure-sensitive expansion unit as the temperature within the steam chamber 32 increases. The other section of the temperature control unit includes a springloaded plunger comprising the bar 9%, the spring 1%, and the cylindrical housing 90. The bar 98 protrudes through an aperture 122 in the flat plate M0, and has one end 124 aligned with the pushbutton 120 of the push button switch H8. A radial shoulder 126 is mounted around the peripheral surface of the bar 9% underneath the plate ill!) to contact the plate lit? and to restrain the bar 98 against the spring MM as the pressure within the steam chamber 32 increases beyond that corresponding to the temperature necessary for sterilization. The shoulder 126 is located so that it approaches the plate Uh when the pressure within the interior d2 of the steam chamber has a value corresponding to the temperature necessary for a sterilization operation and the steam chamber 32 has a sufficient amount of water available to create steam. Y

The overtemperature-overpressure unit also includes two sections. The first section comprises a pushbutton switch 13h, which is mounted to the pushbutton switch 118 to move therewith. The pushbutton switch 13th has an actuating pushbutton 132 and a reset button T3 An external manuallyoperated reset button 136 is mounted in an aperture 138. When the cantilever arm 50 is positioned at its room temperature related position, the manual button 136 is adjacent to the reset button 1134 of the pushbutton'switch 30. The cantilever arm 5h is in this normal position when the temperature in the steam chamber 32 is near room temperature. At this time the pushbutton 13h may be reset by depressing the button T36.

The other section of the overtemperature-overpressure switch includes a safety plunger 140. The safety plunger Mil includes a cylindrical head portion 342, a narrow elongated stem portion 144, and an end portion Mb. The stem portion 144 passes through an aperture M8 and connects the cylindrical head i4 2, which is above the plate iii), to the end portion 11%, which is below the plate i110. A helical spring 150 circumscribes the stern 14 3 between the end portion 146 and the washer T52 which is held against the bottom of the plate iii). The spring 150 biases the safety plunger down. The end M6 is aligned with the portion of the drive plate 96, and the head portion M2 is aligned with the plunger 1 .32 of the pushbutton switch 13h. As the pressure increases beyond the point where the spring-loaded plunger 98 is restrained by the shoulder llZtr, drive plate 26 contacts the end 146 of the safety plunger M4 and moves the safety plunger toward the button 1132 of the pushbutton switch 130. Consequently, when the temperature within the steam chamber 32 is so low that the cantilever arm 5b is spaced away from the pressure sensitive expansion unit but the pressure in the steam chamber is high, the safety plunger Mitt moves beyond the bar 98 and contacts the plunger T32 of the pushbutton switch i3b.

The leads 115 5 of the normally closed pushbutton switch 118 and the leads T56 of the normally closed pushbutton switch 13% are each connected in series with the heater and the power supply for the heater TM. Accordingly, the heater is disconnected whenever the plungers 120 and E32 are depressed. Once the plunger T32 has been depressed, the heater is disconnected until the pushbutton switch B30 is reset by depressing the button 136. This cannot be done until the cantilever arm 50 has returned to its normal position, indicating that the interior d2 of the steam chamber 32 is near room temperature.

in MG. 2, a diagrammatic sketch of a steam chamber 32 of an autoclave is shown, illustrating the manner in which it is interconnected with a controller unit 158 in accordance with this invention to control the indication lights and the heater supply switch lot) for the autoclave. in operation, water is introduced into the interior &2 of the steam chamber 32 through the hollow conduit T62, having the entrance port 164 into the chamber 42, and being selectively closeable by the check valve 1166 within the conduit 162. After water has been inserted into the chamber $2, the heater is turned on. The water is then boiled, filling the chamber 42 with steam. As the water boils, the steam pressure within the chamber 42 increases, causing the temperature to also rise.

The liquid-filled bulb llll) senses the increase in temperature and signals the controller 158; the controller 158 senses the increase in steam pressure through the conduit 44 if the au toclave is operating properly, the lever 50 moves the pushbutton switch 118 downward and the pressure bellows 84 moves the bar 98 upward until the end of the bar 324 depresses the button 12% of the pushbutton switch H8. The button 120 is depressed at the proper temperature for sterilizing the items within the chamber 42. The pushbutton switch 118 is normally closed and opens when the plunger 120 is depressed, disconnecting the power to the heater within the unit 160 and activating a normally open relay to connect power to an indicator light. This holds the temperature below the preset value. After the sterilization process is complete, the steam chamber 32 is evacuated of steam and the sterilized items within are removed. This is done after the heater has been manually disconnected by a master switch (not shown) and the steam chamber has cooled.

if no water enters the chamber 42 at the beginning of a cycle, the autoclave does not operate properly. This may happen because the operator neglects to fill the reservoir (not shown) with water, or because of a malfunction of the check valve R66 or for many other reasons. Since there is no water in the chamber, the items are not properly sterilized. Also it is possible that the heater will raise the interior d2 of the steam chamber 32 to too great a temperature and cause damage either to the items within to be sterilized or to the steam chamber 32 itself. This may happen because the temperature sensitive bulb llti does not receive as much heat from radiation within the empty chamber as it would receive from direct conduction had there been steam in the chamber. Since the monitor is calibrated with the expectation that there will be steam in the chamber, a control based entirely on temperature as sensed by the bulb it) would pennit the chamber 42 to become too hot.

The controller 15% of this invention prevents this type of malfunction from damaging the chamber 42 or the items within the chamber 42. As the temperature increases, the cantilever arm 50 is moved down. When there is no steam in the chamber, the plunger 98 does not move up to contact the plunger ll2tl of the pushbutton switch M8. However, the button T32 of the pushbutton switch 13h contacts the head 142 of the safety plunger l iii. This happens at a temperature higher than that necessary for sterilization, but a temperature which is low enough so that there is no danger of damage to the items within the sterilization chamber 11412.

When the button 132 contacts the head 142 of the safety plunger Mb, it opens the circuit to the heater. The circuit remains open until the cantilever arm 5d moves baclt to its normal position and the reset button 136 is depressed. Consequently, the heater is inactivated until the chamber 42 cools down and an operator manually resets the monitor. When the normally closed pushbutton switch 130 opens, a normally open relay is activated to connect power to a malfunction indicating light. This light is within the unit 160.

if the temperature-sensing system should become faulty in a system controlled only by temperature, there would be danger that the steam pressure would build up to a dangerous level. The heater could remain on until it was damaged by the steam. The high temperatures thus generated could damage the items within the sterilization chamber, and perhaps the chamber itself.

The' controller T53 of this invention prevents this type of damage from occurring. if the temperature-sensing element should malfunction, the cantilever arm so would remain in place. Consequently, the end T24 of the plunger 955 would not depress the button 12b of the pushbutton switch M8 at the proper temperature. However, the drive plate 96 would contact the end Mb of the safety plunger M and move it upward. As the pressure increased beyond the preset level, the head M2 of the safety plunger lldi) would contact the button 132 of the push'outton switch T30. This again would disconnect the heater Th4 and turn on the malfunction indicator light. It can be seen that the temperature and pressure controller of this invention controls the temperature of the steam chamber of an autoclave in accordance with a relationship between both the temperature and the pressure. it can be easily preset to a desired temperature by merely changing the calibration for the temperature-responsive part of the controller. On the other hand, it is able to disconnect the heater and provide an indication in the event of a malfunction which affects either only the temperature-sensing portion of the autoclave or the pressure-sensing portion of the monitor. Yet the monitor is reliable and inexpensive because of its simplicity.

While the invention has been described with a certain degree of particularity, many modifications and variations may be made in the light of the above teachings. It is therefore to be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than is specifically described.

1 claim:

1.. A method of controlling an autoclave having a steam chamber and a heater for generating steam to fill said steam chamber, comprising the steps of: generating a first signal proportional to the pressure of the steam within said steam chamber to obtain a first measurement of temperature; generating a second signal proportional to the temperature within said steam chamber to obtain a second measurement of temperature; adding together said first and second signals; operatively disconnecting said heater whenever the sum of said first and second signals reaches a predetermined magnitude; operatively disconnecting said heater whenever said first signal exceeds another predetermined magnitude; and operatively disconnecting said heater whenever the said second signal exceeds still another predetermined magnitude, whereby excessive temperatures are prevented.

2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of disabling said heater from further energization after one of said first and second signals reaches said other predetennined magnitudes until said temperature returns to a reference level substantially at room temperature.

Ft. The method of claim ll further including the step of providing a visual indication whenever said heater is disconnected.

iii. The method of claim 1 in which the sum of said first and second signals is obtained by moving to sections of a switching unit together, one section of which is displaced in a manner corresponding to increased temperature and the other which is displaced in a manner corresponding to pressure; and disconnecting said heater when the said two sections of said switching unit come into contact.

5. in combination with an autoclave having a steam chamber and a heating eiement, a controller unit comprising: first means for developing a first signal representative of the temperature within said steam chamber; second means for developing a second signal representative of the pressure within said steam chamber; third means responsive to said first means and second means for providing a third signal whenever said first and second signals are both within a predetermined range; and fourth means responsive to one of said first and second signals for providing a fourth signal whenever one of said first or second signals exceeds a predetermined magnitude. Y

6. The combination of claim 5 in which one of said first means and second means comprises: an expandable bellows which expands and contracts in response to a corresponding one of said temperature and pressure; a moveable support means; calibration means for biasing said moveable support means in a first direction; said bellows being mounted to move said movable support means in a second direction against the force of said biasing means as it expands; and a pressure-sensitive switch mounted on said movable support means.

7. The combination of claim 6 in which the other of said first and second means comprises a second bellows adapted to expand and contract in response to the other of said temperature and pressure; a plunger mounted on said second bellows and adapted to be moved therewith; said plunger being positioned to make contact with and actuate said pressure-sensitive switch whenever said switch is moved a predetermined distance in said first direction concurrently with the movement of said plunger a predetermined distance toward said switch.

8. The combination of claim 5 in which said first means comprises a liquid-filled expandable bellows; a liquid-filled temperature bulb mounted within said steam chamber and having a liquid-filled interior in communication with the interior of said liquid-filled bellows, whereby the liquid'in said bulb expands as the temperature of said steam chamber increases causing said first bellows to expand; a moveable arm mounted in juxtaposition with said first expandable bellows; said arm being fastened rigidly at one end and having one end which moves as said bellows expands; an adjustable biasing means for biasing said other end of the said arm in a first direction, whereby said first means may be calibrated with respect to temperature; first and second pressure-sensitive switches mounted on said other end of said arm, said second pressure-sensitive switch being a resettable latching pushbutton switch having a reset button and an activating button; and a reset plunger adapted to be manually depressed and being mounted to depress said reset button of said second pressuresensitive switch when said arm is positioned at its furtherest extreme in said first direction.

it. The combination of claim d in which said second means comprises: an expandable pressure bellows; said pressure bellows being mounted in a pressure chamber; the interior of said pressure chamber being in communication with said steam chamber of said autoclave whereby said pressure bellows contracts and expands in response to changes in steam pressure within said steam chamber of said autoclave; a first plunger resiliently mounted to said pressure bellows and being aligned with said first pressure-sensitive switch to be moved towardthe actuating button of said first pressure-sensitive switch as said pressure increases within said steam chamber; said first plunger having a raised shoulder; a restraining wall adapted to contact said shoulder as said plunger moves toward said first pressure-sensitive switch to thereby restrain further movement of said plunger, whereby said plunger depresses the activating button of said first pressure-sensitive switch at a predetermined value of temperature and pressure within the steam chamber; a second plunger resiliently mounted between said pressure bellows and the actuating button of said second pressure-sensitive switch; and a drive element mounted to said pressure bellows to contact said second plunger at a first predetermined pressure within said steam chamber and move said plunger into contact with said second pressure-sensitive switch at a second higher steam pressure within said steam chamber, whereby said pressure-sensitive switch provides an indication of a level of steam pressure higher than said preset level of steam pressure. 

1. A method of controlling an autoclave having a steam chamber and a heater for generating steam to fill said steam chamber, comprising the steps of: generating a first signal proportional to the pressure of the steam within said steam chamber to obtain a first measurement of temperature; generating a second signal proportional to the temperature within said steam chamber to obtain a second measurement of temperature; adding together said first and second signals; operatively disconnecting said heater whenever the sum of said first and second signals reaches a predetermined magnitude; operatively disconnecting said heater whenever said first signal exceeds another predetermined magnitude; and operatively disconnecting said heater whenever the said second signal exceeds still another predetermined magnitude, whereby excessive temperatures are prevented.
 2. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of disabling said heater from further energization after one of said first and second signals reaches said other predetermined magnitudes until said temperature returns to a reference level substantially at room temperature.
 3. The method of claim 1 further including the step of providing a visual indication whenever said heater is disconnected.
 4. The method of claim 1 in which the sum of said first and second signals is obtained by moving to sections of a switching unit together, one section of which is displaced in a manner corresponding to increased temperature and the other which is displaced in a manner corresponding to pressure; and disconnecting said heater when the said two sections of said switching unit come into contact.
 5. In combination with an autoclave having a steam chamber and a heating element, a controller unit comprising: first means for developing a first signal representative of the temperature within said steam chamber; second means for developing a second signal representative of the pressure within said steam chamber; third means responsive to said first means and second means for providing a third signal whenever said first and second signals are both within a predetermined range; and fourth means responsive to one of said first and second signals for providing a fourth signal whenever one of said first or second signals exceeds a predetermined magnitude.
 6. The combination of claim 5 in which one of said first means and second means comprises: an expandable bellows which expands and contracts in response to a corresponding one of said temperature and pressure; a moveable support means; calibration means for biasing said moveable support means in a first direction; said bellows being mounted to move said movable support means in a second direction against the force of said biasing means as it expands; and a pressure-sensitive switch mounted On said movable support means.
 7. The combination of claim 6 in which the other of said first and second means comprises a second bellows adapted to expand and contract in response to the other of said temperature and pressure; a plunger mounted on said second bellows and adapted to be moved therewith; said plunger being positioned to make contact with and actuate said pressure-sensitive switch whenever said switch is moved a predetermined distance in said first direction concurrently with the movement of said plunger a predetermined distance toward said switch.
 8. The combination of claim 5 in which said first means comprises a liquid-filled expandable bellows; a liquid-filled temperature bulb mounted within said steam chamber and having a liquid-filled interior in communication with the interior of said liquid-filled bellows, whereby the liquid in said bulb expands as the temperature of said steam chamber increases causing said first bellows to expand; a moveable arm mounted in juxtaposition with said first expandable bellows; said arm being fastened rigidly at one end and having one end which moves as said bellows expands; an adjustable biasing means for biasing said other end of the said arm in a first direction, whereby said first means may be calibrated with respect to temperature; first and second pressure-sensitive switches mounted on said other end of said arm, said second pressure-sensitive switch being a resettable latching pushbutton switch having a reset button and an activating button; and a reset plunger adapted to be manually depressed and being mounted to depress said reset button of said second pressure-sensitive switch when said arm is positioned at its furtherest extreme in said first direction.
 9. The combination of claim 8 in which said second means comprises: an expandable pressure bellows; said pressure bellows being mounted in a pressure chamber; the interior of said pressure chamber being in communication with said steam chamber of said autoclave whereby said pressure bellows contracts and expands in response to changes in steam pressure within said steam chamber of said autoclave; a first plunger resiliently mounted to said pressure bellows and being aligned with said first pressure-sensitive switch to be moved toward the actuating button of said first pressure-sensitive switch as said pressure increases within said steam chamber; said first plunger having a raised shoulder; a restraining wall adapted to contact said shoulder as said plunger moves toward said first pressure-sensitive switch to thereby restrain further movement of said plunger, whereby said plunger depresses the activating button of said first pressure-sensitive switch at a predetermined value of temperature and pressure within the steam chamber; a second plunger resiliently mounted between said pressure bellows and the actuating button of said second pressure-sensitive switch; and a drive element mounted to said pressure bellows to contact said second plunger at a first predetermined pressure within said steam chamber and move said plunger into contact with said second pressure-sensitive switch at a second higher steam pressure within said steam chamber, whereby said pressure-sensitive switch provides an indication of a level of steam pressure higher than said preset level of steam pressure. 